[313] Poland's Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), established in 1773, was the world's first state ministry of education. In an effort to strengthen military cooperation with its neighbors, Poland set up the Visegrád Battlegroup with Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia, with a total of 3,000 troops ready for deployment. On 28 September 1939, Warsaw fell. [327], With origins in the customs of the tribal Lechites, over time the culture of Poland has been influenced by its connection to Western culture and trends, as well as developing its own unique traditions such as Sarmatism. Passenger ferries link Poland with Scandinavia all year round; these services are provided from Gdańsk and Świnoujście by Polferries, Stena Line from Gdynia and Unity Line from the Świnoujście. [94][95], Altogether, 3 million Polish Jews[96][97] – approximately 90% of Poland's pre-war Jewry – and between 1.8 and 2.8 million ethnic Poles[98][99][100] were killed during the German occupation of Poland, including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish intelligentsia – academics, doctors, lawyers, nobility and priesthood. The last aurochs of Europe became extinct in 1627 in the Polish Jaktorów Forest, while the wisent survived until the 20th century only at Białowieża. Important collections are also held at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, Wawel Castle and in the Palace on the Isle. In 1939–41, the Soviets deported hundreds of thousands of Poles. [40] In 1138, Poland fragmented into several smaller duchies when Bolesław divided his lands among his sons. Country Dashboard: Poland. However, the insurrectionists, despite being joined by high-ranking Polish-Lithuanian officers and numerous politicians, were still severely outnumbered and lacking in foreign support. [171][172] Tax-paying women were allowed to take part in Polish political life until the third partition in 1795. The suburb is now well served by buses; there is a bus interchange at the beach with three stands. This prototype of television could easily transmit image and sound, thus allowing a live remote view. [253] However, in the 19th and 20th centuries many Polish scientists worked abroad; one of the most important of these exiles was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, a physicist and chemist who lived much of her life in France. Global Financial Development Report 2014. Poland, along with Ukraine, hosted the UEFA European Football Championship in 2012. In addition, foreign investors have controlling stakes in nearly 40 commercial banks, which make up 68% of the banking capital. [398], The main course usually includes a serving of meat, such as roast, chicken, or kotlet schabowy (breaded pork cutlet), vegetables, side dishes and salads, including surówka [suˈrufka] – shredded root vegetables with lemon and sugar (carrot, celeriac, seared beetroot) or sauerkraut (Polish: kapusta kiszona, pronounced [kaˈpusta kʲiˈʂɔna]). Initially, the uprising manifested itself in the form of civil disobedience but eventually turned into an armed struggle when the Prussian military was sent in to pacify the region. Further south is a coastal walk that goes past the women's baths and Wylie's Baths. Among other notable sites in the country is Wrocław, one of the oldest cities in Poland which was a model for the founding of Kraków. [228], The Polish banking sector is the largest in the region,[229] with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults. Wojciech Bogusławski is accredited with composing the first Polish national opera, titled Krakowiacy i Górale, which premiered in 1794. [337], A widely-popular doughnut and sweet pastry feast occurs on Fat Thursday, usually 52 days prior to Easter. [9] The first school was built in 1863, and the building was converted into the Coogee Bay Hotel in 1873. Private medical complexes exist nationwide; over 50% of the population uses both public and private sectors. [443], Poles made significant achievements in mountaineering, in particular, in the Himalayas and the winter ascending of the eight-thousanders. Poland also maintains troops in the Middle East, the Baltic states and in the Balkans; 1,650 soldiers were deployed in 2019. [16] The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. [42][44] Casimir III realized that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could codify the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. Meanwhile, the Prussian controlled territory of Poland came under increased Germanization. [17] In August 2014 the building re-opened as the Coogee Pavilion[17] in a $30 million+ renovation by the Merivale group, and its director Justin Hemmes. Tourist destinations include the Baltic Sea coast in the north; the Masurian Lake District and Białowieża Forest in the east; on the south Karkonosze, the Table Mountains and the Tatra Mountains, where Rysy – the highest peak of Poland, and Eagle's Path mountain trail are located. [423] This success was followed by the historical films of Jerzy Hoffman and Andrzej Wajda. [85][93], Nazi German forces under orders from Adolf Hitler set up six German extermination camps in occupied Poland, including Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz. The partnership brought vast Lithuanian-controlled Rus' areas into Poland's sphere of influence and proved beneficial for the Poles and Lithuanians, who coexisted and cooperated in one of the largest political entities in Europe for the next four centuries. [411][412], As of 2020, Poland possesses the fifth-largest cosmetic market in Europe. Silesian and Wymysorys (Vilamovian) are not legally recognized or acknowledged as separate languages with a minority status. Czy mogą nas zatrzymać, przeszukać, legitymować? While the long and arduous process of inoculation gets underway, data suggests taking multivitamins and a couple of other supplements may offer some protective benefits. ", "How Poland turned into a video game powerhouse", "Poland Is Home to the Biggest eSports Event in the World", "The most popular Polish sportsmen and sportswomen", "Grandest slam: Świątek makes tennis history by becoming first Pole to win grand-slam singles title", "FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship Poland 2014", "Speedway World Cup: Poland win 2010 Speedway World Cup", Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland&oldid=1010365202, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, States and territories established in 1918, Articles containing Kashubian-language text, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Articles with dead external links from March 2017, Articles with incomplete citations from July 2018, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Randwick District Rugby Union Football Club, "Coogee Beach, New South Wales - Tourism Australia", "History overview History of the Randwick area", http://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/facilities-and-recreation/beaches-and-coast/beaches/coogee-beach, "Ocean View | NSW Environment, Energy and Science", "Roslyn | NSW Environment, Energy and Science", "Coogee Beach Volleyball Association, Sydney AU", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coogee,_New_South_Wales&oldid=1007421763, Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2016 ID same as Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 373 – City Circular Quay via Taylor Square (runs 24/7), 374 – City Circular Quay via Central Station, 353 – Bondi Junction via Clovelly and Waverley, 362 – Bondi Beach via Bronte (October – April weekends only), The Island Challenge, held in the last weekend in November by the Coogee Surf Life Saving Club, involves a 2.4 km swim out and around, Putu Mayam Day is the first of its kind outside of Malaysia. [368] Latin remained the principal tool of literary expression in Poland until the 18th century, when it was replaced in favour of Polish and French. State television operates two mainstream channels, TVP 1 and TVP 2, as well as regional programs for each of the country's 16 voivodeships (as TVP 3). [32] Their name likewise derives from the Old Polish word lęda (open land or plain). Jan Chryzostom Pasek, also a respected baroque writer, is mostly remembered for his tales and memoirs reflecting sarmatian culture in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. [338] Eggs for Holy Sunday are painted and placed in decorated baskets that are previously blessed by clergymen in churches on Easter Saturday. The area was a point of contention between the Polish and Czechoslovak governments in the past and the two countries fought a brief seven-day war over it in 1919. The Central Statistical Office estimated that in 2014 there were 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities. The largest Polish Baltic island is Wolin, located within Wolin National Park. The president's party was on their way to attend an annual service of commemoration for the victims of the Katyń massacre when the tragedy took place. Poland has a universal healthcare system based on an all-inclusive insurance system; state subsidised healthcare is available to all citizens covered by the general health insurance program of the National Health Fund (NFZ). [444], This article is about the country. Polska żywność – fundament polskiego eksportu – 2012 kolejnym rokiem rekordowego eksportu żywności. Festive meals such as the meatless Christmas Eve dinner (Wigilia) or Easter breakfast could take days to prepare in their entirety. [108] The western border became the Oder-Neisse line. [380], Among the best known Polish Romantics are the "Three Bards" – the three national poets active in the age of foreign partitions – Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński. Increasing the share of energy from renewable sources and a significant reduction in CO2 emissionsis to be achieved with the help of biofuels, photovoltaics, construction of wind farms on the land and the Baltic Sea, hydroelectric stations and nuclear power plant. There are usually many taxis in the area and there is a late night taxi rank on Friday and Saturday nights just behind the main bus stand on Arden Street. The percentages of ethnic Poles and minorities depend on how they are counted. The most renowned star of the silent film era was Polish actress Pola Negri. Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska[c] [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. Starting in 1648, the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising engulfed the south and east, eventually leaving Ukraine divided, with the eastern part, lost by the Commonwealth, becoming a dependency of the Tsardom of Russia. Major cities normally have the status of both gmina and powiat. [69], In 1926, a May coup, led by the hero of the Polish independence campaign Marshal Józef Piłsudski, turned rule of the Second Polish Republic over to the nonpartisan Sanacja (Healing) movement in an effort to prevent radical political organizations on both the left and the right from destabilizing the country. In recent years, Poland also sought to become a mediator between the Trump administration and the European Union in solving European disputes. However, the small amounts of fossil fuels naturally occurring in Poland are insufficient to satisfy the full energy consumption needs of the population and industry. [429] Some of the most popular video games developed in Poland include The Witcher trilogy. Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania form joint military unit. Poland has several 24-hour news channels such as Polsat News, TVP Info and TVN 24. [262] The least populous and the smallest province in size is the Opole Voivodeship, with just under 1 million people living within its borders. Lublin Castle represents the Gothic Revival style in architecture,[361] while the Izrael Poznański Palace in Łódź is an example of eclecticism. [322] There are three conventional academic degrees in Poland – licencjat or inżynier (first cycle qualification), magister (second cycle qualification) and doktor (third cycle qualification). [403] The most popular alcoholic drinks at present are beer and wine which took over from vodka more popular in the years 1980–1998. Altogether, the number of ethnic Poles living abroad is estimated to be around 20 million. [282] Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Polish Constitution,[283][284] and the concordat guarantees the teaching of religion in state schools. More than 50% of Polish citizens declare at least basic knowledge of the English language, followed by German (38%). [286][287][288] In the year 966, Duke Mieszko I converted to Christianity, and submitted to the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. In the middle of the 13th century, the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty (Henry I the Bearded and Henry II the Pious, ruled 1238–1241) nearly succeeded in uniting the Polish lands, but the Mongols invaded the country from the east and defeated the combined Polish forces at the Battle of Legnica where Duke Henry II the Pious died. [378] The leading baroque poet was Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, who incorporated Marinism into his publications. [167], The judiciary incorporates a four-tier court system composed of the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court, Common Courts (District, Regional, Appellate) and the Military Court. [407] The attire mediated between Western and Ottoman styles[407] and outfits included a żupan, delia, kontusz, pas, decorative karabela swords and less often turbans brought by foreign merchants. At the start of 2020, Poland had 4,146.5 km (2,576.5 mi) of highways in use. Eventually, in 1795, following the failed Kościuszko Uprising, the Commonwealth was partitioned one last time by all three of its more powerful neighbours, and with this, effectively ceased to exist. 1 and 2, Furniture, Gilt Bronze and Mounted Porcelain, Carpets", "Maks Faktorowicz: Polak, który stworzył kosmetyczne imperium", "Maksymilian Faktorowicz – człowiek, który dał nam sztuczne rzęsy", "Makeup Masters: The History of Max Factor", "Poland: An ambitious player making a name in the cosmetics industry", https://www.polishcosmetics.pl/CATALOGUE_Cosmetics_Producers_from_Poland_for_US_Market.pdf, "Przemyski Inglot ma już 400 sklepów na świecie", "At a glance: Polish retailer LPP, the fashion giant nearing a UK debut", "Polish Companies Highly Value Hamburg For Their Expansion Plans", "Polish retailer LPP Group opens largest Reserved store in Russia", "Film Culture: Brno 1945–1970. The bulk of the population converted in the course of the next few centuries. [442], Poland has made a distinctive mark in motorcycle speedway racing thanks to Tomasz Gollob and Bartosz Zmarzlik, highly successful Polish riders. The most distinguished painting of Poland is Lady with an Ermine by Leonardo da Vinci, held at the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków.